Global Communication :: International Relations Global Essays Papers

Global CommunicationIn chapter 14 on his book Global Communication in the twenty-first century, Stevenson focuses on the topic of persuasive communication. He presents a brief analysis of propaganda, or using his term, public diplomacy, making reference to the United States Information Agency (USIA). He also directs almost advertising highlighting that international advertising is increasing. Stevenson refers that the new global communications systems ar efficient tools for governments and economics sectors to reach and influence public opinion, I suppose that it is understand that always communications systems do been efficient to influence people. It is much what scholars have writing about persuasive communication and it is much what we have read about this. Stevenson just presents a compact information with different examples which permit illustrated the topic. In the formation of stereotypes, influence in the self-identity and the role of the media in this process, a n example comes to my mind. The refuse of the bulls eye of being Indians, commonly seen in many countries of Latin America. At this respect, Carrasco in a study about Indians migration in Ecuador points out that they change their clothes in the bus terminal bathroom in Riobamba, in order to arrive in Guayaquil without seeming Indians.... They return talking like costeos, and some refuse to speak Quechua even in the local community (Carrasco, 105). Obviously, in this case, this comportment not only responds to an impact of the media over this people, in fact, many of them do not have a direct relation with media. Other factors like history, socio-economic relations, believes and culture are probably much more important than the portrayal of the Indians in the media, nonetheless, it is important to summon how media contribute. We could allege Mexican good selling TV novelas or soap operas, with large acceptancing among audience in Ecuador and other Latin American countries, I ndians roles here are poor and with a lack of values. Probably a better example is a disgusting but popular series called La India Maria, where the booster amplifier is a dumb, dirty and poor Indian woman. The latter produced by Televisa in Mexico. In relation with this program and attending critics from some sectors of the audience, Televisa president, Emilio Azcarraga, said to educate is a task of the government and not of Televisa. Personally I think that for good or bad, nobody has influenced the formation (or disformation) of today Mexican minds as Televisa and Azcarraga family.

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne :: essays papers

The Scarlet earn, By Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthornes background fermentd him to write the bold novel The Scarlet Letter. One important influence on the allegory is money. Hawthorne had never made much money as an author and the birth of his first daughter added to the financial burden (Biographical bring up VII). He received a job at the Salem Custom firm only to lose it three years later and be squeeze to write again to support his family (IX). Consequently, The Scarlet Letter was published a year later (IX). It was only intended to be a long goldbrick story, but the extra money a novel would bring in was needed (Introduction XVI). Hawthorne then wrote an introduction section titled The Custom House to extend the length of the book and The Scarlet Letter became a full novel (XVI). In addition to financial worries, another influence on the story is Hawthornes rejection of his ancestors. His forefathers were strict Puritans, and John Hathorne, his great-great-grandfath er, was a judge presiding during the S alem witch trials (Biographical Note VII). Hawthorne did not condone their acts and actually spent a great pickle of his life renouncing the Puritans in general (VII). Similarly, The Scarlet Letter was a literal soapbox for Hawthorne to convey to the world that the majority of Puritans were strict and unfeeling. For example, before Hester emerges from the prison she is world scorned by a group of women who feel that she deserves a larger punishment than she actually receives. Instead of only being made to stand on the scaffold and wear the scarlet letter on her chest, they suggest that she have it branded on her forehead or even be put to oddment (Hawthorne 51). Perhaps the most important influence on the story is the authors interest in the dark side (Introduction VIII). Unlike the transcendentalists of the era, Hawthorne confronted reality, rather than evading it (VII). Likewise, The Scarlet Letter deals with adultery, a subject that cause d much scandal when it w as first published (XV). The book revolves around sin and punishment, a far outcry from writers of the time, such as Emerson and Thoreau, who dwelt on optimistic themes (VII). This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization, and important literary devices enables Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter to the develop the theme of the brass as a prison. The scaffold scenes are the most substantial situations in the story because they unify The Scarlet Letter in two influential ways.

Airframe :: essays research papers

AirframeFor unknown reasons, the almost flawless N-22 Norton aircraft suffers severe turbulence during TPA flight 545. As a result of three fatalities and fifty-six injuries, a turbinate of investigations, terrible apprehensions, and horrible threats plague the Norton Aircraft Plant. From the first page, the seemingly dull plot of Airframe grabs the reader&8217s attention. With political trouble in the plant, a deadline for the investigation, and rumors of mutiny, the novel is fill up with action along with a precise measurement of suspense. Crichton, one of my favorite authors, plans his novels superbly timing the chapters at the pinnacle of the action. By this method of writing, it was difficult to double back reading, which is the signature of an excellent book. It is one of the most interesting and intriguing novels I have ever read. Like most other Michael Crichton novels, it is extremely technical, yet, also thoughtfully written. This combination of plot and description is w hat makes all of Crichton&8217s novels so great. The technical description brings imagery and actualism to the novel, while the plot&8217s twists and turns help to bring about suspense. The way Crichton writes gives the reader very detailed and vivid scenes, as seen in this random quote &8220Mechanics in Melbourne noted that the kindle coupling was set on the right wing, and the adjacent slats locking pin was slightly damaged. This was thought to have been caused by ground personnel in Java during the previous fuel stop. (pg. 149). As well as the writing, the characters were also a major factor in this novel. Unlike characters in most other novels, these actually seemed like real people. Crichton develops his characters giving them each individual attributes, emotions, and personalities. Also unlike most other characters, they were not totally perfect, and on the other hand, they were not totally flawed. They were human, and that was what allowed the reader to report with them. Although good character development is expected from a talented and professional writer, it still amazes me how real they seem and how well they interact.The page that I chose to photocopy, is the beginning of the conclusion. It is the destroy of the investigation, and Casey Singleton, the protagonist of the novel, is about to uncover what really happened on TPA flight 545. Along with her, is Jennifer, a reporter for &8220Newsline, on a task to unravel the secrets of the doomed flight.

Eating Disorders and the Media Essay -- Female Body Image Weight Healt

Eating Disorders and the MediaWhat if you were surrounded by media messages telling you that, people will like you more if you gift the utter(a) body or being complete(a) makes people like you ? How do you think young female teenagers would interpret these messages that the media are portraying? 81% of ten year old girls are acrophobic of being fat, of being considered ugly. Why do you think ten year olds would ever care about how they look? Its because of the media implying that being slim is beauty. receivable to the medias brainwashing, poor self-image is one of the main causes of eating disorders in insubstantial girls. The media sells products, not opinions nor facts. They will sell you anything, telling you that it will make you slimmer and that being closelipped is the way to go. When we fascinate models and celebrities on commercials and in movies, we often wish that that was us in that body, because the media has made everyone so obsessed with their own bodies. The m edia makes young female teenagers purport guilty if they are slightly over pitch. Models are beautiful, skinny, they have the right size thighs, hips, and butt. They are models but they are not role models. They are everything teenagers want to be, because of the telecasting they watch and the magazines that they read. The media are always telling them that being thin is considered beautiful. This sends a wrath between females and their impression of what beauty really is. Some females will go to any length to try to be that perfect body weight person. Such a person doesnt even exist. For there is no perfect weight for which females should strive to achieve. Although there are many young females who will restrict what they are allowed to eat & when they are allowed to eat it. They will exercise obsessively and self effectuate vomiting. Eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and compulsive overeating are three of the major eating disorders that infatuate young minds. Female te enagers see bingeing, dieting and vomiting, a way out of actually doing a workout and getting into shape. There is a widening gap between girls self-image and societys messages about what girls should be like.The media uses television, magazines and subliminal messages to attract people. They have playboy models advertising for cars, boats and body lotion. They use a womens body to publish for their products. The media doe... ... they need to resolve, like the depression of not being happy with themselves. Of going through many procedures to make them look thin or ordinary because they brush off no longer be happy with themselves because of the medias interference with adolescent girls images. Anorexia and bulimia are one of the main causes along with the media as to why adolescent girls are always slightly underweight and devastating skinny. If the media didnt interfere with adolescent perceptions, maybe one half of fourth grade girls wouldnt be on a diet. Intense fear of becomi ng fat and distorted body images arent the kinds of thing we want our adolescents girls to become. To think about their appearance and weight 24/7 isnt right. The media should stop publicizing young female bodies and telling them what beauty is perceived to them. They should think of all those adolescents girls that they send into depression or force to become bulimic, just because they wish to make money. The media brainwashes too many of adolescent girls, making them think about their body in relation to models who have unmistakably the perfect body. Making them think that you have to be thin in order to be beautiful.

Glasses or No Glasses? :: Personal Narrative Writing

Glasses or No Glasses? So, specs or no glasses? Im trolling the hallway, nabbing every student I can find. My senior portrait sitting is tomorrow and I cant purpose Glasses or no glasses? Maybe other people can give me their opinions. Um, I think glasses, said one of my neighbors, but indeed again, Michael, you should know that I like it more when people wear glasses as a general rule. No glasses would be better, said another. Glasses, definitely. You pass on small eyes. No, no glasses I think. So it went on and on. And on. Then finally, an interesting tidbit of advice So I think you should wear whatever you feeling most comfortable in whatever best reflects who you areI mean, do you often wear glasses or not? Ah, but at that places the rub. Sometimes I wear them, sometimes I dont. I wear glasses when I read, because contacts dry out my eyes in any case fast. I wear glasses when I relax, or when I take a shower. On the other hand, I wear contacts when I play sports or get a haircut. So I guess my problem is simply this Im both glasses and no glasses. Now if a conversance of mine were here, he would probably roll his eyes and say something along the lines of, You know, glasses or no glasses doesnt reallyly matter. Theyre only the superficial part of you. Whats really you is deep inside, and that part of you is the most important part. Glasses or no glasses, that part will shine through. tho see, thats just the same problem right there, except its reworded to sound wiser. Do glasses not matter at all to the real meto who I am?

Glasses or No Glasses? :: Personal Narrative Writing

Glasses or No Glasses? So, eyeglasses or no glasses? Im trolling the hallway, nabbing every student I can find. My senior portrait sitting is tomorrow and I cant square off Glasses or no glasses? Maybe other people can give me their opinions. Um, I think glasses, said one of my neighbors, but because again, Michael, you should know that I like it more when people wear glasses as a general rule. No glasses would be better, said another. Glasses, definitely. You deem small eyes. No, no glasses I think. So it went on and on. And on. Then finally, an interesting tidbit of advice So I think you should wear whatever you nip most comfortable in whatever best reflects who you areI mean, do you often wear glasses or not? Ah, but in that respects the rub. Sometimes I wear them, sometimes I dont. I wear glasses when I read, because contacts dry out my eyes as well fast. I wear glasses when I relax, or when I take a shower. On the other hand, I wear contacts when I play sports or get a haircut. So I guess my problem is simply this Im both glasses and no glasses. Now if a booster station of mine were here, he would probably roll his eyes and say something along the lines of, You know, glasses or no glasses doesnt accreditedly matter. Theyre provided the superficial part of you. Whats really you is deep inside, and that part of you is the most important part. Glasses or no glasses, that part will shine through. scarcely see, thats just the same problem right there, except its reworded to sound wiser. Do glasses not matter at all to the real meto who I am?

Individuals theories

Most had no goals to rehabilitate the fender nor help them on any matter. Over metre the ideals of how a prison house should be like evolved. Before the nineteenth century there were no real prisons (Foster, 2006, Chapter 1). There is no muster out time of when the first prison came into existences (Assemblages, 2011, Chapter 13). There were merely just small rooms and they were utilize to punish criminals whom committed serious crimes, there was no correctional purpose (Foster, 2006, Chapter 1).In the sass many of the jails at that time had no interest or level of classification (Foster, 2006, Chapter 1). There were different models being used in the earlier days and sustain changed over time. The Auburn model during the 19th century model was based on having offenders work in groups completing community activities, then at night placed in solitary confinement and strict rules were set in to play (Auburn System, 2014). This outline was seen as a way to teach respect and workin g with others and also having personal discipline (Auburn System, 2014).Silence was a big factor and was enforced to the Max it was seen as a way to take away ones sense of self (Auburn System, 2014). This is similar to the hierarchical model which goal is to undertake physical control (Assemblages, 2011, Chapter 13). The Auburn prison was merely an experiment to determine and displayed the effects of what solitary confinement can really do to an individual (Assemblages, 2011, Chapter 13). natural covering in 1790 the Walnut Street Jail was transformed to a penitentiary in Philadelphia (Assemblages, 2011 , Chapter 13).The purpose behind this transaction was for offenders to penance and come to amends ND take control over their actions and wrongdoing in society (Assemblages, 201 1, Chapter 13). Rehabilitation and deterrence was seen as the foundation this is still seen today (Assemblages, 2011, Chapter 13). Bible study was a key element surrounding penance and seeking rehabilitati on, and just as Auburn System enforced silence so did the Quakers (Assemblages, 2011 , Chapter 13).Minimally contact between faculty and inmates was also a key factor (Assemblages, 201 1, Chapter 1 3). The penitentiary that was opened in Pittsburgh papa back in 1826 correlates back to the Philadelphia model (Assemblages, 2011 , Chapter 13). The Pittsburgh model was exceedingly favored and seen as the ideal prison because it was humane and provided the correct amount of discipline towards punishment yet having the opportunity for offenders to focus on rehabilitating (Assemblages, 201 1 , Chapter 13).The prison era that began between 1825 through 1876 all connect back to the Pennsylvania model Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland, New York, and many more can be seen as The Pittsburgh Pennsylvania model and Philadelphia model are seen to be the winning models of how an ideal penitentiary, the two American systems, interestingly, most concluded that the Pennsylvania system was more condu cive to reclamation than the Auburn system (Assemblages, 201 1, Chapter 13).This was seen as the ideal petitioners all the way up until the Reformatory era was created by Captain Alexander Macroeconomic and Sir Walter Cro net ton (Assemblages, 2011, Chapter 13). The reformatory style consisted of the use of indeterminate sentencing with also the belief of obliteration, yet this style did not last long do to the industrial prisons that came into play (Assemblages, 2011, Chapter 13). each(prenominal) model had its drawback the Auburn system resulted in inmates committing suicide or either dying to the lack of not being able to work out (Assemblages, 2011 , Chapter 13).There was clear tension between the Auburn and Pennsylvania systems even during the reformatory System (Assemblages, 2011, Chapter 13). Prisons have truly evolve Dover time The community based term in my opinion has be the most effected and would be what I considered as an ideal prison. Community corrections revolve ar ound rehabilitation and having a clear understanding that inmates need contact with community, and provide work release programs and halfway houses (Assemblages, 2011, Chapter 13. These are all and provide guidance and opportunity for inmates can have community involvement and give the opportunity to amend their wrongdoing and get on the right track (Assemblages, 2011 , Chapter 13). Overall this prison has truly changed over time the different models and system have evolved overtime to it the needs of societys best interest (Assemblages, 2011 , Chapter 13. References Foster, B. (2006). Corrections The Fundamentals,.

Pearson Education Essay

Training an individual requires that the teacher observes methods through which that person best understands the entropy being relayed. These methods must be in line with the in stratumation styles of the trainee. Training requires sound fellowship on the subject bea. The essence is to acquire knowledge and skills that transforms nonpareils capability to undertake a task. Training is affected by motivation, the trainer-trainee relationship, availability of resources, prior knowledge and perception (United Nations, 2001). Every trainee has a unique counsel of acquiring knowledge based on the learning style adopted.These categorizes learners into visual, auditory and kinesthetic or physical learners. Though one may combine on the whole these styles, it is important to maximize on the style one is best in. A trainer may present knowledge through talking. Teachers are commonly know to adopt this kind of style where they lecture students. The key factors to consider when employing much(prenominal) skills include tone of voice, body language and inflection. This is appropriate for auditory learners who understand when instructions are read aloud, information is communicated communicatoryly or speeches are required (Far intimately, 2000).Auditory homework requires some background sound. These could be some form of music, nation talking or TV. Written instructions prove difficult for such learners to get until they are verbalized. Suck kind of learners enjoyment their listening and repeating skills in sorting the information acquired. To enhance knowledge acquisition among auditory learners, then the trainer needs to employ becoming verbal direction. They are better proficient when they are placed into groups where they can discuss. Being alone limits them to written materials only.In group discussions, they air out their ideas and acquire knowledge from the other members of the group verbally. Therefore, verbal communication and group activities should b e encouraged. Reading aloud helps such learners quickly understand what is being relayed. In fact, such learners have most of their work alter into rhythmic patterns like songs and poems. The trainer should encourage this category of learners to make audio recordings of class cross off and listen to them when revising. Their memories are refreshed when they listen to what was said or internally recalling the voice of the trainer.As such, they should be allowed to participate in class discussions actively. They should be given room to ask questions and volunteer to answer any questions raise in the class. When tackling their assignments, they should be allowed to read them allowed as it is the only way to be assured of their understanding. When alone, auditory learners are encouraged to whisper new information. Training requires adequate skills in visual learning. This is the kind of training where the trainer has to employ images, maps, graphs or colors to pass across the intende d message.A trainer should therefore befriend whiteboards, have some good sense of dressing and color balance. Learners in this category tend to also have adequate spatial skills. Therefore, training such individuals requires adequate use of maps. The trainer should try linking verbal and visual information. This will help the learner with critical thinking where the learner relates a visual determination to recall any details. Therefore, even in comprehension of more complex information, the student recalls an object and connects it to the new idea.The trainer should provide such learners with visual information that will allow the students to organize large volumes of information which will aid in revealing relationships and patterns. Here, the trainees are allowed to create graphic organizers like webs, diagrams and concept maps by using symbols containing words for clarity. optic learners are very good with sign language and they like fashion and colors. Trainers should assi st learners come up with lists of things to do, written note or assignment logs (Farwell, 2000). Fleming (2005) suggest that trainers should not use listening and respond tests for this category of learners.Trainers in kindergarten employ feeling, touching and experiencing to train children. This has not only worked well with kindergarten teachers but all trainers in general. The trainer should allow these students to totally engage with the learning activities. Proper organization must be made for such learners to opening science laboratories or participate in dance, skits, field trips or other related activities. Such physical activities are very important in learning for these students. They are said to be naturally discoverers and learn through doing unlike thinking first before action.To identify kinesthetic or physical or tactile learners, a trainer should identify traits such as poor handwriting, good sporting skills and restlessness. These learners also like role playing, s cience laboratories, takes breaks when studying, build models and are always fidget. It is therefore advisable that a trainer allows such learners to have breaks in between their studies, take laboratory classes, study with others, use memory games and use flash cards to memorize. Movement explorations have proved to work for this kind of training.Clapping or tapping out syllables or words have worked well in this circumstance. Concrete objects should be used for establishing patterns or counting. Children should be allowed to move heavy objects on number lines on the floor. They should be given short definitions, multiple choices and fill-ins. dour tests and essays do not work well with them (Fleming, 2005). The earliest form of training was on-job-training. This one involves being trained by a skilled worker on the job site. It is still being used today as it does not require organized lessons or programs.It is therefore cost effective. In the 5th century, training was done throu gh conceptual case studies. Students in China for instance were given parables by Taoists and Confusionists so that they come up with solutions. Today, professional school passing employ these methods. It encourages philosophical thinking and finding solutions to difficult problems without first-hand experience. Nowadays, theories of development, psychology and training are employed. Among great contributors to motivational theories used in training are Abraham Maslow and Herzberg Fredrick.These aided organizational managers to create working environment that meets the demand for workers basic needs. Workers who have their basic needs catered for deliver good results in their workplaces thus helping in the growth of an organization. These stages were chosen as they exhibit great variability in the mode of training. Each stage presents a unique way of training form the previous method. These developments give trainers a wide range of training styles to apply since all the styles ar e still applicable even in the modern world.Studies turn up that adults learn like children. Therefore, all the training styles used by children can be applied for adults. The trainer must divert from the tell-me style of training to the show-me style. Visual training is important for adult education just as it is for children. They should be incorporated in the serve and made to feel they are part of it. vehemence should be on doing. This incorporation in discussions and activities help in keeping memory fresh. In fact, lectures should be minimized and emphasis laid on elaborateness kind of training.In conclusion, the meanings of critical terms associated with training will be defined. First is education. All the activities involved in teaching and learning of technical competency, knowledge and proper conduct constitute the term education. It aims at cultivating skills, professions or trades. It is the fulfil that leads to moral, mental and aesthetic development. It encompass es systematic instructions and teaching. Training is defined as the process of acquiring competencies, knowledge and skills due to teachings on practical or vocational skills and knowledge.Learning is the process that leads to the acquisition of knowledge and skills from perceived information. Adult education is the process of teaching and educating adults.REFERENCEFarwell, T. (2000). Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic Learners. Pearson Education Inc. Fleming, G. (2005). Tactile Learning. Retrieved October 2, 2008 from . United Nations (2001). Train the Trainer, Training Fundamentals Instructors Reference Manual. New York, pp. 15-18.

“Killings” by Andre Dubus’s Essay

R even outge, loss and consequences are explored in Andre Dubuss, Killings. A jealous husband, angered by the f get along that his estranged wife is involved in a unexampled race, acts out in a presumable crime of passion and murders the man she was seeing. As a result of this crime, a father suffers the loss of his son and plots retaliation, which results in the killing of his sons murderer. Both men experience a loss and subsequently act out in revenge. The difference in the moral character of these two men is what appears to determine the fate of their consequences.Richard Strout, a man of inferior morality, commits a crime of passion. He murders a man who is having a relationship with his estranged wife. Strout is portrayed in the story as being a spoiled, selfish, violent man. The pending divorce between he and his wife obviously unexpended him feeling conflicted over the loss of control and he is angered by the fact that she was seeing another man so quickly after the separ ation. thither appears to be no feelings of regret or remorse from Strout after the murder. He seems to feel completely justified in the killing and even makes the statement, He was devising it with my wife (Dubus 90). Strouts lack of moral character is a key element in his being able to live with himself after committing this crime. His personal consequences seemed to be few, if any.Matt Fowler is portrayed in the story as being a man of great moral fortitude he is a sensitive, loving husband, a protective father and a respected friend. The brutal murder of his son catapults him into a position in which he feels compelled to avenge the death. The conflict that Fowler feels after his son is killed is overwhelming to him. Fowler feels that removing his sons murderer from the world he and his family live in will ease his wifes put out. His concern and compassion towards is wife is obvious when he says in the story, She sees him all the time. It makes her cry (Dubus 85). Killing Stro ut is the act of a protective husband and father doing what he swears to be the only mulish solution and he views it as though he has a job to do.Fowler is notably reluctant to carry out this act of premeditated murder. Not even a moment of satisfaction is allotted him after he completes the job of avenging his sons death. After Matt accomplishes the mission he is immediately left-hand(a) with a gravid sense of isolation undoubtedly because of his high level of morality. The final words of the story indicate the loneliness he feels that he isnt even able to share with his wife. he shuddered with a sob that he kept silent in his heart (Dubus 96). Killing Strout is not the end of the pain for Matt Fowler it may give him a sense of revenge, but he is still feeling so alone and hurt.The other Fowler children are left to believe that their brothers murderer has escaped trial and disappeared. Mrs. Fowler acknowledges this in the story when she says, We cant tell the other kids. Itll h urt them, thinking he got away. exclusively we mustnt (Dubus 96). This is yet another consequence of these murders. Frank Fowler and Richard Strout are dead, Matt Fowler will most likely feel forever isolated, and the lives of Ruth and the Fowler children have been late affected by these crimes.Two very different men experience similar feelings of loss, revenge and consequence in this story. Both men commit an act of murder and both pay a high price in the end. One mans sentence is death the others is profound isolation. Neither life is left unaltered. This story is a lesson in passion, crime and morality.

Coca Cola Market Plan and Market Research Essay

In the role of market countersinking consultant, I am presenting a trade figure and a marketing search brief for Coca- sess, a leader in the squeezable-drinks indus evaluate.Introduction marketing is definitely one of the major factors that contribute towards the success of any business. Especially in instantlys growing competitive economy it is necessity that condition marketing is executed so as to survive and grow in the globalized world.This academic incubate is intended to provide a detailed depth psychology of the marketing plan of Coca- poop familiarity. The remote environment is analyzed to demonstrate the threats that it imposes. It will also help to insure the monitoring clay to be able to deter these threats. The analysis is made on the internal capabilities of the confederation as well. Within these analyses, the objectives of the follow have been discussed. A reflection has been do on the marketing strategies undertaken by the company. Amidst all these, possible implementation, control and monitoring system have been highlighted.The marketing plan is followed by a marketing research to identify the argona of opportunities.Several resources have been studied to put together the plan and the research.These resources atomic number 18 mentioned at the end of the report.Coca- sessCoca-Cola was invented way brook in the year 1886 by Dr. John Pemberton. He was a pharmacist in Atlanta in Georgia. The formula of Coca-Cola wasfabricated by him in the backyard of his put forward in a three legged pot made up of brass ( history of Coca-Cola). The intention at this point was to make a tonic for cephalalgia which turned out to be so tasty and refreshing that it gained orders due to this reason. The name Coca-Cola was pronounced by Frank Robinson, who was partner of Pemberton as well as a bookkeeper. He penned the words Coca-Cola in a script which is represented as a flow. This is how the name appears today on the place and is famous oerall. At that measure, the average sale in a day was nine drinks. In the entire year, the sale was 25 gallons of the syrup.With the passage of time, when Pemberton started to lose health, he decided and exchange pip the company to Asa Candler for a consolidated price of $2,300 in 1891. The first time that Coca-Cola was bottled was in 1894, by the owner of the Biedenharn Candy Company, Joseph Biedenharn. With the emergenced fame of the brand, in that respect were circumvent imitators that entered in the market. To avoid confusion, the currently famous contour bottle was designed by the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana.By the year 1919, the intersection of the company was spread to all the states and the territories. In the same year, the company was bought by a group including Ernest Woodruff for $25 million. Robert Woodruffs (eldest son of Ernest Woodruff) leadership for to a greater extent than six decades made Coca-Cola a big success all over the world. On May 15, 1950, Coca-Cola was the foremost consumer product to appear on the issue of while magazine.Robert Goizueta became President of the company in 1981. Soon, he was recognized as one of the most successful leaders worldwide. The Company introduced New Coke in 1985 and by and by brought up Coke II. This was unable to get the publics favor and the sight demanded their own previous coke back. Visualizing and passing through all ups and big moneys, today, Coca-Cola is obtainable in 200 countries over the world and the trademark Coca-Cola is represented in about eighty languages (The History of Coca-Cola).Objectives of the CompanyThe objective of the company is to utilize its assets its brand, the fiscal strength of the company, excellent distribution system, worldwide reach, and last but not the least a strong sense of commitment by the team that manages and executes proceed all across the worldto attain long-term growing that persists and is maintained (Coca-Cola Company, 2010). The visi on that the company has for sustainable growth atomic number 18 explained as under reach It works towards being able to provide maximum return to the sh arholders of the company. The strategies are framed keeping this objective in mind. People The workplace should be where people are motivated to work better. Coca-Cola provides a good work environment for the workers to be happy while working.Portfolio The Company aims to provide the crapulence portfolio to the people that are able to satisfy the desires of the people. The marketing research done by the company before the final product, this factor is kept to be chinked in the sign phase. Partners Coca-Cola aims at maintaining a loyal relation with the partners and till date there is demonstrated a good relationship with all. Planet The Company has an objective to do something divers(prenominal). This is represented by the fact that impertinently types of beverages are introduced by the company to be different from the competitors and provide variety to the people. point of intersectionivity It aims at maintaining to be sound and fast paced company (Coca Colas mission, vision and apprises, 2010). This has been at the core of every action by Coca-Cola as it has an effective space today in the global market. market PlanWhile a marketing plan is drafted or studied, it required thorough examination and in depth research.Market air divisionCoca Cola is one of the successful companies in the context of market segmentation as well. Demographic Segmentation This segmentation is on the hind end of age, gender, income and family coat of the consumers. It has introduced respective(a) flavors for small children group. after(prenominal) a research when the company discovered that the Light Cola was considered as feminine drink by many, it introduced Coke slide fastener that aims at male consumer group who are health conscious. Different packing has different cost and guides to meet all the income gr oups. on that point is economy packs introduced which targets consumers as per the family size.geographic Segmentation Due to different climatic conditions and regional differences, Coca Cola varies the taste of the product as per the people of that particular country. Psychographic Segmentation The advertisements done by Coca Cola are the best examples to express how the company segments the market as per the interests, attitudes and values of the consumers. Whenever a famous event takes place, the company introduces an ad in context of the event so that it touches the heart of the people.Still, the primary market segmentation that is measurable, accessible and whose response can be noticed and worked upon is the segmentation on the basis of Demographic Segmentation. Coca Cola focuses most on youngsters between the ages of 13 to 25Marketing StrategiesCurrent Market StrategyCoca Cola undertakes the separate marketing system by marketing its products to different segments by se parate offerings to them. This is called the separate marketing strategy. Coca-Cola is quite popular in the younger group and therefore most of its advertisements and campaigns are undertaken keeping in view the younger generation. An appropriate example for this will be that it has put vending machines in the schools and they have announced officially that they will be continuing to target the market. Another example is the diet coke that caters to the need of specific people.The basic product, Coca Cola carbonated water is targeted to the entire market as a whole. The market strategy thus put to effect by the company is targeting all the possible domains and providing them with pop that meets their demand. This differentiated marketing strategy has provided Coca-Cola with a stand in all the possible markets.Life Cycle of the ProductIt has been a number of years that Coca Cola has introduced the drink in the market. As we can understand from the history, Coke has attained a co lossal response from the people and their likeness, which has contributed towards the growth of the product.Once the product has been introduces and placed well in the market, comes the maturity stage. And as per the in-depth analysis, Coca-Cola stands at this stage in the product life cycle. At this stage there is a rapid growth in the sales of the product and later starts settling down. To be able to survive at much(prenominal) a phase, it is important to differentiate the product from the competitors product. This has been persistently followed by Coca-Cola and as can be seen, has been done very well. Since the sales begin to settle at a particular point, it is essential to give a differentiation to your product.Branding StrategyCoca-Cola is a famous international brand. The company has been working effectively and actively on maintaining its brand uprightness for quite some time now and has been able to achieve a well know brand equity and attained brand loyalty.Coca-Cola pro vides a fix of varieties to the people in the range of soda. These varieties cater to the needs of all the market segments. The brand is excellently symbolized in the packaging. This makes it easy for the people to recognize the product. The red pretension that is use is quite eye-catchy and attracts the entire market domain including the primary market of youngsters in the age group of 13 to 25. The contour bottles as well as cans are designed in such a way that the product from Coca-Cola can be easily ascertained.The brand equity by Coca Cola has been created through rigorous campaigns undertaken and extraordinary advertisements designed for promotional purposes. It is after a lot of effort that Coca-Cola soda has attained this brand equity.The branding strategy utilize by Coca-Cola Company has been quite effective in being able to gain a major market share. There are several kinds of brand strategy that can be implemented for the creation of brand equity. Some of these are Private brand strategy, Family brand strategy, Manufacturers brand strategy and Hybrid brand strategy. Coca Cola has made the use of the Individual brand strategy. This can be explained as major products of Coca Cola are provided with their own brand names. For example, Sprite, Fanta, etc. may be represented and publicized as separate lines the domain remains the same Coca Cola.Coca-Cola has introduced new products from time to time. Here is a marketing research brief to demonstrate how Coca-Cola expanded with large range of products.Marketing Research BriefMarketing research is as important as the marketing itself. It is essential that we are aware of the current market and the actions and plans of our competitors so that the framing and implementation of the marketing strategies move in the correct direction.The development of the marketing strategy depends a lot on the marketing research. The plan can only be drafted after there is sufficient data regarding the market. The impl ementation of the strategy is dependent on the market research again as before the implementation it is important to know how the draft has to be implemented well to achieve the desired results. Evaluation is a comparison of the achieved result and the expected result. Since, it has to be done on the marketing strategy this has its dependence on market research.There are many opportunities place for Coca-Cola in the marketing research. These are all derived from the major one is the partnership of Coca-Cola with International Olympic perpetration (IOC).Coca-Cola has been a known name so far. Analyzing the responses and current situation, the major challenge faced by the companys soda pertains to the health issues and concerns.I reckon that it is required to revisit the entire make of the soda and check it for any harmful products that can be taken off from the making. Also, there can be some additional nutritional or healthy attributes added to the drink. But all this will be req uired to be done with the taste of the soda not changing or changing negligibly.A subsidiary of Coca Cola in Britain took a decision of expanding without acquisition of new companies but by itself. This time, the company chose on implementing an internal strategy of marketing to develop new product (A., 2012).Five stages of marketing research will be required to be implemented to develop the new product and float it successfully in the market. Identification of the Opportunity Understand the concept behind the need of the change and pen down the ideal product Exploring the Solution Surveys, focus groups and interviews can be conducted to understand the expectations from the upcoming product by the public. Measuring the Effectiveness It needs to be gauged that if the new product will be effective enough so as to gain the targeted share in the market. Testing the Market It is quits a costly affair to lay down a new product. The internal and external capabilities of the company a ssist in being able to do so effectively. Track Market performance After the launch of the new product, the performance needs to be checked and evaluated against the target.External Environment of Coca-ColaWe shall conduct PESTLE analysis to understand the external environment of Coca-Cola. This is important because all of the factors are inter-related. If there is a political decision that is taken, it would impact the economic situation of the country and thus the environment (Monitoring system of coca-cola)The first factor is the Political analysis. It inspects the present and prospective political influences. These include the influence of the tax laws, reforms by the government, tariffs and restrictions in trade. Guardian report of August 7, 2006, advises that there was a ban laid on the sale of coke, in some states of India, in the government offices and the institutes pertaining to education. This led to the company being destitute of prospective market of around 30 million. The next is the economic analysis. This analyzes the impact by local, countywide and worldwide. If we look at this side, outside the United States, there is increased sale of beverage without alcohol. This stiffs that all these countries will ensure stability and growth for the company.In the sociological analysis, the analysis catered to the affects to the company with the changes in the attitude and lifestyle of people. This will mean that the target market of the young crowd will keep influencing the strategies of the company.Technology is another(prenominal) significant analysis where it is evaluated that how the company is affected and influenced by the changing technology. red-faced coke was introduced in 1985 this was a result of the technological advancement.The impact that the legislation has on the company is examined through the legal analysis. any the inventions and the developments of the product have to go through proper patent procedure. This is done by the company and like any other sector it is required to meet the legal prerequisites.Lastly, the environmental analysis is conducted which ascertains the issues. All the facilities of the company are consistently monitored and checked so as to meet the guidelines set by the government (tabishnehal)It is discovered that the company takes due wish well in keeping a check and monitoring the external environment so as to keep up with the standards and avoid any prospective threats. inside CapabilitiesThe analysis of internal capabilities assists in formulating better strategies. Once the internal analysis is done, the company is aware of the resources that are available and are under its control (PremiumWritingService.com)The increase in the revenue of the company as compared with that in 2009 was $6.48 billion in 2010. The total of the capital of Coca-Cola at that time was announced to be $72.929 billion. The company possesses various resources for it to sustain and grow as a leader in the emp loyment of soft drinks. We shall review these capabilities in terms of material and intangible resources (PremiumWritingService.com).While analyzing the tangible resources, we shall cover the financial, human and physical resources of the company that contributes towards its success. The physical resources comprise of the equipments, infrastructure and the land and buildings. It has the set up units in all the states and regions. Because these are self-owned, it keeps the cost of production low. The financial position of Coca-Cola is not hidden from anyone. It is amongst the largest companies and has a strong financial set up. It is thus easy for it to execute new ventures and innovations because the cost, if productive, is not a restriction. There is highly motivational work environment and thus the staff of the company. The company has worked towards the improvement of its workers through lot of trainings. The workers are therefore able to deliver part and timely work.The other aspect to look at the internal capabilities is the intangible resources of the company. These comprise of the goodwill, intellectual property and the technology advancement. The company has always had an edge over others through the technological expertise that it holds. It has helped the company to be able to introduce new products in the market which today are quite successful such as flavored drinks. Once these products are discovered, they are patented by Coca-Cola and hence the company enjoys full right over the production of these drinks. The goodwill of the company is stupendous and gives an upper edge to it over any other company.DifferentiationThere have been lots of changes demonstrated by marketing mix of Coca Cola. Product The Company has almost 3300 products with a range of variety. Price The price of the products vary as per the geographical location and the market. Due to variety of products, most of the products have different pricing strategy. Place It is suppli ed in most of the parts of the world and is liked by all. It has a planned and effective network of distribution. Promotion There are many strategies pertaining to promotion and advertisement by Coca-Cola. The marketing mix is floated keeping in view the differentiation as per the product, service, channel, people and image. For the primary target market, the product differentiation is done by keeping in mind the kind of soda that will be liked by this sector. The Service differentiation is as per the needs and requirements of the young crowd which has to be prompt. The images used in the products that are most used by the youngsters are meant to be attractive and eye-catching stanceBy positioning it is meant the process of forming and embedding the image that the product has made in the mind of the customers as compared to the products of the competitors. Many companies make soft drinks these days. Although other companies may try to compete at the level of Coca-Cola, they will be unable to match the level of Coca Cola.Positioning assists in making the customers understand the unique value and image of the product, as compared with the products of the competitors. Coca Cola has plans in place to form such positions that will provide it with a lot of advantage pertaining to its different target markets.The positioning of Coca Cola has been based on the procedure of positioning through direct comparison and it has been able to position its products to be able to place towards benefit of its target market. Most of the people in general, form an image of a product through putting a comparison with some another product. This is quite evident in the well known professional was between Coca-Cola and Pepsi in all the product domains.Supply ChainThe supply chain of Coca-Cola Company includes the company itself and nearly 300 bottling partners over the world. These bottling partners are not under direct control and supervision of the company.The entire supply system o f Coca-Cola runs through means of various local and national channels. The company is responsible for manufacturing and selling the concentrates of Coca-Cola, the beverage base of the drink and also the syrup to the bottling operators. It still is the owner of the brand and has the tariff and accountability for brand marketing initiatives for the consumers. These bottling partners then are involved in manufacturing, packaging, merchandising and distributing the ultimate beverages to the wholesale and retail customers and also to the other vending partners. All of these further sell the products to final consumers.All of the bottling partners of Coca-Cola work in direct contact with the customers. These customers here refer to the amusement parks, convenience stores, grocery stores, street vendors, restaurants and delineation theaters. These also help the Company to be able to execute many of the localized strategies which are planned and prepared in partnership with the bottling p artners.Market doweryIn the year 2011, Coca Cola possessed a market share of around 42% as against the 30% of Pepsis market share. With the launch of Diet Coke, Coca Cola was able to expand more and augment its earning and profit levels.Monitoring and ControlsMonitoring and controlling mechanism permits the companies to be able to check if there exists a variance when the actual budget is compared with the projected budget. This is essential to be executed because it helps in advising and suggesting important and necessary actions to meet the set marketing objectives. There are three tools that have been implemented to assess the performance of the market plan put in place* Sales AnalysisIn this sales analysis, the total sales affected is broken down to precisely explain the sales in each segment. This will help in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the plan in the small sections. The sellers of products of Coca Cola range from chief retail supermarkets to quite small stor es at the corner of the street.* Market Share AnalysisIn this Market share analysis, the business sales of Coca Cola will be compared with the sales affected by its major competitors. Currently, Coca Cola is divergence through lot of changes and hence aims to regain the similar control and old of the market as it used to have previously.* Marketing Profitability AnalysisThe Marketing Profitability Analysis checks the cost involved and expended in marketing. Majorly, three ratios are put to use to be able to monitor and control the marketing favourableness they include market research to sales ratio, the advertising to sales ratio and the last one being sales representatives to sales ratio. From the result of these ratios, Coca Cola can determine and gauge any of the emerging trends which may not be welcomed. These can be any variation such as the requirement of a different product altogether. When we compare these ratio results with the actual results it provides the company with a n idea on when change should be brought.RecommendationAfter the research, there are a few recommendations proposed.These includeCoca-Cola has been a known name so far. Analyzing the responses and current situation, the major challenge faced by the companys soda pertains to the health issues and concerns.I believe that it is required to revisit the entire make of the soda and check it for any harmful products that can be taken off from the making. Also, there can be some additional nutritional or healthy attributes added to the drink.But all this will be required to be done with the taste of the soda not changing or changing negligibly. Coca Cola needs to consider a number of issues relating to the physical distribution of its soft drink products. A distinctive promotion and conference strategy can be incorporated. Since the value proposition of the company is uniqueness of soda, there should be communication done to demonstrate the distinct features. I believe this will give a sens e of confidence to the consumers that they are able to attain what has been promised to them.ConclusionAfter conducting research and framing the academic report, we have been able to understand the various strategies implemented and the areas of improvement for Coca-Cola. There are some opportunities as well identified which can be worked upon to gain a wider market.The entire research assisted in gaining knowledge and understanding the concept of marketing better. Also, it helped to understand the overall soft-drinks intentness its strengths and weaknesses as well.ReferencesA., E. (2012, 09 04). 5 Tips for Developing Product Ranges Through Smart Market Research. Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.instant.ly http//www.instant.ly/blog/2012/09/5-tips-for-developing-product-ranges-through-smart-market-research/ Coca Colas mission, vision and values. (2010). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from ww.coca-cola.co.uk http//www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/coca-cola-mission-vision-statement.html Coca-Cola Company. (2010, 02 26). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.wikinvest.com http//www.wikinvest.com/stock/Coca-Cola_Company_(KO)/Objective History of Coca-Cola. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.coca-cola.co.uk http//www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/history-of-coca-cola-company.html Monitoring system of coca-cola. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from

Project Management and Enterprise Information Architecture Essay

attempt computer architecture provides a framework for the course to add new applications, infrastructure, and systems for managing the lifecycle and the value of the current and future environments. Enterprise architecture provides the alignment crossways work strategy, IT strategy, and IT implementation. Enterprise architecture links the enterprise credit line strategy to its IT investments by ensuring a tight integration between the Business, Application, selective information, and Infrastructure architecture layers. each(prenominal) of these aras describes integrated sets of blocks should be selected so that the enterprise cigarette achieve its overall business objectives. They to a fault need to be made available so that projects can use them in the design, development and deployment of IT-base business systems. Enterprise Strategy socio-economic class For most institutions, strategic planning and the efficient execution of related IT projects are hampered by lack of ent erprise-wide views of the current business and IT landscape and it is difficult to establish a flexible, adaptable, and business-driven IT strategy.Therefore, this layer predominately describes an enterprise strategy concerning product portfolio and appropriate customer segments, appropriate language and distribution channels in the prone market environment, competitors and core competencies, and capabilities of the company. Business Layer Developing an Enterprise computer architecture involves providing the process and integrated tools to capture the as-is defer of the organizationthe business and IT ecosystemand the desired, to-be state.Enterprise Architecture facilitates the creation of enterprise blueprints that show how business processes are now and how they can be implemented, exploiting the full range of content of underlying IT architectural building blocks. Application Layer The proliferation of applications, systems and the platforms and their interdependencies make t he process of adding and enhancing IT capabilities a risky proposition for the business unless there is an Enterprise Architecture Strategy.The Applications Layer supports the business and describes the required business functions in the underlying IT application systems. Information layer Information is the fuel that drives business artif symbolizes their flow generates value to the user. To transform raw entropy into meaningful learning that provides additional cortical potential and value to the business is one of the key objectives of the Enterprise Architecture.Infrastructure layerThe infrastructure layer consists of the network, horde and storage infrastructure supporting higher-level functions such as applications, databases or e-mail servers. Due to cost pressure, business stakeholders demand more flexibility and light withal from this layer leading to higher degrees of virtualization and systems consuming less energy, reducing electricity costs. To summarize, Enterpr ise Architecture gives the business and IT stakeholders the big-picture perspective across business processes, information systems and technologies.Applying Enterprise architecture improves the predictability and consistency of project outcomes across the portfolio. Consistently repeatable and thus predictable project success is of utmost importance to achieve an orderly variety required for driving effective and lasting transformations such as SOA initiatives while managing associated, inherent risks.Conceptual Approach to EAI credit entry Architecture Information architecture The information architecture helps develop the information-centric, echnically compatible systems by providing a logical approach to information engine room across a Line of Business (LOB) or a larger organization. The information architecture provides the foundational information- pertinent concepts and frameworks for dealing in a consistent and integrated manner with the engineering science to guarante e the responsiveness and trusted information insight that the business requires from its Information Layer.The information Architecture identifies the information centric components of an organizations IT environment and defines its relationship to the organizations objectives. The information architecture also describes the principles and guidelines that enable consistent implementation of information technology solutions, how data and information are both governed and shared across the enterprise, and what needs to be done to pull ahead business-relevant trusted information insight.Following are some examples of the core principles that guide an Information Architecture. * Access and exchange of information- Information services should provide unconstrained chafe to the right users at the right time. * Service re-use- Facilitate discovery, selection and re-use of services and whenever possible encourage the use of uniform interfaces. * Information governance- Adequate informatio n technology should support the efficient execution of an Information Governance Strategy.Standards- A set of coherent standards for data and technology should be defined to promote simplifications across the Information Infrastructure. Enterprise Information Architecture The Enterprise Information Architecture is the framework that defines the information-centric principles, architecture models, standards, and processes that form the basis of making information technology ratiocinations across the enterprise. The EIA translates the business requirements into informational strategies and defines what data components are needed by whom and when in the information supply chain.Furthermore, it addresses the need of the business to generate and maintain trusted information that is delivered by relevant data components. So why do we distinguish between an Information Architecture and an Enterprise Information Architecture? The enterprise in the definition adds the enterprise-wide busine ss context to the definition of Information Architecture. The challenges faces by most organizations, from government to public enterprises, depend upon consistent decision making across multiple business units, departments, and someone projects.The EIA is a core component of the required framework for effective decision making by defining the guiding principles that dictate the organizations strategy to address business needs and the information centric technology infrastructure that supports them. The EIA defines the technical capabilities and processes the organization needs to manage data and information over its lifetime, optimize content-based operational and accordance processes, establish, govern and deliver trusted information, and optimize business performance.By aligning business needs with the technology and the information flows in the supply chain, EIA delivers flexibility agility and responsiveness to the business process and the organization as a whole. The primary goal of the EIA is to reduce complexity and thereby contribute to the elimination of all the factors that act as the inhibitors to change and address new business paradigms.Primary characteristics that can be used to distinguish a well-defined EIA implementation include the chase Gaining transparency- The information remains independent from application specifications, application implementations, and user interfaces. It provides a transparency layer between the information and application domains. * Considering enterprise business requirements- The architecture takes into account the overall information needs of the enterprise and specific LOBs or individual organizations.* Avoiding inconsistencies. It helps identify inconsistencies, conflicts, overlaps, and gaps in the data and information, and offers a concept, framework and methods to resolve this, and it is reclaimable to select adequate solutions. Managing Service Level Agreements (SLA) It provides mechanisms for the defini tion and management of information-centric SLAs which can be monitored and enforced. * Enable decision making- The architecture enables more consistent and efficient IT decision making that is linked to business needs. It does this because it is both flexible and extensible. * Addressing reusability aspects. Enforcing and EIA means that information assets are shared and reused, avoiding data multiplication and thus reducing development, service, and support costs. * Addressing data scope.The information origin Model used by the enterprise describes the scope of the used data information supported by the EIA.* Defining a technology strategy. It establishes the framework upon which strategies adopted by the enterprise depend. In addition, it defines the set of principles that guide how an organizations information systems and technology infrastructure are engineered. source Architecture The reference architecture provides a proven template for architecture for a particular domain or area of application that contains the supporting artifacts to enable their use.The abduce Architecture incorporates best practices resulting from work on a particular field and it also provides a common vocabulary to enable a common agreement while facilitating discussions around implementations. A reference architecture encapsulates at an abstract level the results and best practices derived from multiple deployments of solutions to a given business problem. They enable the limpid sequence of tasks required to build a complete system. Reference Architectures provide a common format that facilitates the design and deployment of solutions repeatedly in a consistent manner.This, they are a valuable tool for IT Architects to help identify and assess gaps and reduce risks in the solution deployment cycle. Based on the requirements in a given area of an application, there are certain components shared between systems in the same area. The Reference Architecture identifies these compo nents and indicates how they interconnect. The following are some key Reference Architecture characteristics. * Major foundational components or building blocks- They help to describe an end-to-end architecture solution. Common language- It simplifies communication when talking about systems of a given type.* Framework- The Reference Architecture is a framework for scope identification, roadmap definition, risk assessment, and gap assessment. * Foundation. It is a proven foundation for all solution designs in a domain (e. g. e-business solutions) The Reference Architecture leverages ideas from successful past implementations and lessons learned from troubled or failed projects and concentrates on simplifications, reuse, and usability, avoiding the complex details of the specific technology.It has the potential to evolve over time, meaning that afterwards it has been constructed it requires maintenance with harvesting of best practices from projects as they are completed, including changes or additions to the Reference Architecture to handle situations that were not addressed. Within the wider solution architecture and deployment scope, there are significant advantages to using Reference Architectures. Following are few examples.

Application of Ict in Library

Application of ICT in Libraries URL http//unllib. unl. edu/LPP/anunobi-edoka. htm Use of ICT Facilities for Serials Functions in Confederate Nigeria Federal University Libraries Chinwe V. Anunobi Ph. D Digital librarian Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria Benson E. Edoka Professor discussion section of subroutine depository program library and Information Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka Nsukka, Nigeria Introduction User expectation from either info providing system is to make available directly or remotely and in real time the needed entropy, format non withstanding.In the university environment, the library a major data providing system supports teaching, learning and research with information materials of various types. Among these diverse information materials, serials argon needed especially by faculty and research students. Before the development and economic consumption of ICT facilities for capturing/ learnedness, processing dissemination and retrieval o f information, serials operations were predominantly manual.However with the development of ICT based library service which brought with it self service and simultaneous access to resources (Womboh & Abba 2008), battalions interest switched from print to electronic information. Furthermore, serials operations in developing countries which was assail with problems associated with cost (Millis 1992, de Marcas 2000 Aina 2003), inadequate acquisition and processing tools (Szilvassy 1996), competency and accessibility problems (Cohen 1989 and Mullis 1992), embrace the apply of ICT facilities as an approach to overcome some of the mentioned problems.This is necessary since according to Ajayi (2003) any industry information or any other which sidelines ICT has simply signed a death warrant The ICT facilities applied in the library in general and serials building block in particular ar based on the functions performed therein. The functions performed in the university serials unit a s indicated by Tuttle (1983) atomic number 18 acquisition, processing, human creations service and preservation. These functions are synonymous with the functions performed in the university library though with some peculiarities emanating from the nature of serials.Therefore ICT facilities apply in the broad university library are excessively applicable to the serials unit but also with oddness occasioned by the nature of serials. These function and operations have been transformed utilise ICT. Aina (2004) informed that there is efficiency in resource organization as deli actually and dissemination of information have become effective and easy. Repetitive and routine tasks in the library have been eliminated. Furthermore, the availability of bibliographic database, full text edition documents and digital library collection is now taken for granted as noned by Chesenga (2004).The IT (ICT) facilities use in the library is defined by the Ameri shadower program library Asso ciation (1993) as the drill of computers and other technology to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. Ifidon (1985) enumerated the functions available for ICT use in the library to include ordering and acquisition with the succeeding(a) activities ordering, receiving, settlement of invoice and administration of records and expenditure..Further to that, Oketunji (2001) and Chesenga (2004) listed library functions in which ICT could be applied to include acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials control, selective dissemination of information service and preparation of caution information. Furthermore, the application of ICT facilities in the library could be in the stand alone or integrated form. Many countries and institutions are at varying level of ICT application in their library operation.Islam and Islam (2007) documented the use ICT in libraries in Bangladash and informed that though the use started between 1964 and 1995, p rogress was not make until 1996. In Nigeria numerous universities are at the advanced stage of ICT use in library operations. Anunobi and Benard (2007) informed that in their study of ICT availability for library operations in the Imo state of Nigeria unless two of the four academic libraries Federal University of Technology Owerri and Imo State University show evidence of employ ICT for library operations.Emorjorho, &Nwalo (2009) correct in their study that completely very few libraries in the Niger-Delta of Nigeria use ICT in library operations where university libraries have more ICT facilities than the special libraries. Nok(2006) documented the use of ICT in Kashim Ibrahim library, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria while Ekpengong( 1997) presented the situation in special libraries in Nigeria. Ani, Esin and Edim(2005) also analyze the use of ICT in Nigeria University libraries.For serials operation, Agbaje (200227) informed that information technology basin be an effective h andm sanction to serials management at every stage of management process and irrespective of content, use, format and overall strategy adopted for serials management by the organization in motion Akinyotu (1977), Alabi (1985), Oketunji (2001) Agbaje (2002) and Oni (2004) noted that use various approaches, ICT facilities in serials unit can be for the fol secondarying functions and activities subscription control, procurement process, order preparation, fund analysis and accounting.They can also be employ for bibliographic file control, cataloguing of new serials, preparation of serials record entries and transaction control. Effecting serials additions, changes and deletions or collection control can be performed with ICT facilities. Services and preservation functions such as servicing request for serials ordinaryation, binding control file, missing issues, h experiencedings accession of want list as well as union lists are docile to ICT facilities use.In their findings on th e use of computer for library services in Bangladesh, Islam and Islam (2007 ) discovered that all the libraries surveyed utilize ICT for serials control as well as other activities. The services provided according to them include compact disc read-only memory searching, online searching, online net croping, photocopying, online information services and database searching services. In Nigeria according to Ikem and Ajala (2000), preliminary use of ICT in the library started with its use to produce amount of money list of Serials sponsored by Committee of University Librarians of Nigeria.That notwithstanding, its continuous use for various serials function is yet to be known. Statement of the Problem There are copious studies and vista on the use of ICT facilities for library functions in general. In Nigerian university libraries, ICT facilities were primarily used for serials functions and are still in use. However not much has been found in literature as regards the areas of seria ls functions they are used, and the facilities in use. Hence the survey tends to address this gap by identifying the extent of ICT use for serials operations.Objective of the Study Identify the serials operations performed with ICT facilities in southern Nigerian federal university libraries Determine the serials everyday services performed with ICT Find out the ICT facilities used for these serials operations Ascertain if the use of ICT facilities in serials unit of the libraries is a determinant to their use for serials operations. Research Questions What serials operations are performed with ICT facilities in southern Nigeria Federal university libraries? In which serials common services are the use of ICT employ in Nigerian federal university libraries? What ICT facilities are used for these serials operations? Does the use of ICT facility in serials units of the libraries under study determine its use for serials operations? entailment of the Study The result of this survey exit help academic libraries which do not apply ICT facilities for serials functions recognize areas of serials operation in which ICT can be used, and the ICT they can use. With that they can strategize on their use.For libraries using ICT facilities for various operations, they volition be acquainted with other areas ICT can be employed in serials operation and the institutions applying such. Donor agencies will also be aware of the state of ICT facilities application in Nigerian university serials operation and decide on the areas to assist such institutions. Data Collection The work covered all the federal university libraries in the three of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria namely South-East (SE), South-West (SW) and South South (SS). The three zones comprise seventeen states with 13 federal universities.The various zones and their inclusive universities are South East(SE) University of Nigeria, Nsukka,(UNN), Federal University of Technology Owerri(FUTO), Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka (NAU), Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike(MOUAU) South-South(SS) University of Calabar(UNICAL), University of Port Harcourt(UNIPORT), University of Uyo(UNIUYO) and South West(SW) University of Ibadan(UI), Obafemi Awo petty(a)o University Ile-Ife(OAU), University of Lagos(UNILAG),University of Benin(UNIBEN), Federal University of Technology Akure(FUTA), and University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB).Questionnaire and ceremonial cracklist were employed to gather facts and credence of serials staff from 11 of the 13 federal universities libraries. No samples were taken from FUTA and NAU as they had no well developed serials unit at the time of this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 55 from the 107 serials staff in the universities under study consisting of five (5) serials staff each including the Serials Librarian and any other four (4) staff which are responsible for acquisition, processing, user services and preservation in th e serials units.Self developed questionnaire instrument made up of 5 items were distributed to the 65 staff. Items 1 to 3 of the questionnaire were developed along dichotomous checklist while items 4 and 5 were weighted on four Point Likert- manage scales. The observation checklist made up of three (3) observable items was developed to enable the researcher observe serials functions and ICT facilities used in the serials unit of the analyze universities. Answers to the research questions were provided for using tables, regionages, means and graphs. A midpoint mean score of 2. that is the average of the individual scores was accepted for items developed on four Point Likertlike scales. A 50 percent positive rejoinder was accepted for items analyzed with frequency and percentages. Results The result of the analysis are presented to reflect the objectives of the research which include Identifying the serials operations and public services performed with ICT facilities in the univer sities, identifying the ICT facilities used in the serials units and ascertain if the use of ICT in serials units determines its use for serials operations.Serials Operations Performed with ICT The study ascertained through observation in the Serials units of the studied universities functions performed with ICT facilities. The result of the placard checklist is presented in elude 1. It shows that all serials functions in OAU are performed with ICT facilities UNAAB and UI have 75 percent of their serials functions performed with ICT. Half of the functions (50 percent) are performed with ICT in UNILAG, UNIBEN, UNICAL, MOUAU and FUTO.UNIUYO and UNN perform only processing and public services serials functions with ICT respectively while none of the functions is performed with ICT at UNIPORT. Considering the 50 percent bench prepare for acceptability, only UNIUYO, UNIPORT and UNN do not perform serials functions with ICT. Other libraries do. dining table 1 Observation Checklist on the Various Serials Functions Performed with ICT facilities S/NUniversitiesSerials FunctionsTotalpercent AcquisitionProcessingPublic servicesPreservation 1FUTO00xx250 2MOUAU00xx250 3UNN00x0125 4UNIUYO0x00125 5UNICALxx00250 6UNIPORT 000000 UNIBEN00xx250 8UNILAGx0x0250 9UIx0xx375 10OAUxxxx4100 11UNAAB0xxx375 12Total448621 13percent36. 3636. 3672. 7254. 55 NOTE x=ICT used 0= ICT not used The Table also shows that 54. 55 percent and 72. 72 percent of the libraries perform serials preservation and public services functions with ICT facilities respectively. A 36. 36 percent of the libraries perform acquisition and processing functions with ICT facilities. Hence serials public services and preservations are the major serials functions performed with ICT in the libraries studied considering the 50 percent bench mark.Serials Public Services Performed with ICT Again, an observation was made to identify serials public services performed with ICT facilities. The observation checklist is present ed in Table 2. The Table shows that UNAAB and MOUAU provide 85. 71 percent of their serials public services with ICT facilities. UI had 71. 43 percent of the services provided with ICT. A 57. 14 percent of such services were provided with ICT at UNILAG, UNICAL and FUTO. Others including UNIUYO (14. 29 percent), UNIBEN (28. 57 percent) had menial use of ICT for serials public services functions.None of the services listed was provided with ICT at UNIPORT. The percentage of university libraries using ICT facilities for the various serials public services is as shown in the Table reveals that 81. 82 percent and 73. 73 percent of the studied libraries used ICT facilities to access serials and article titles respectively. ICT facilities were used to access swipe index and the retrieval of serials titles by 54. 55 percent and 45. 45 percent of the libraries respectively. None of the libraries used ICT to access physical serials while 36. 5 percent used ICT to retrieve full text of seria ls. Using a 50 percent benchmark the result implied that those ICT facilities are used for access to abstract, serials and article titles in the universities studied. Table 2 Observation Checklist on the Various Serials Public services performed with ICT Facilities S/NUniversitiesSerials Public ServicesTotalpercent Access to abstractsAccess to IndexesAccess to Serials titleAccess to article titlesLocation of physical serialsRetrieval of Serials titlesRetrieval of full text Serials 1FUTOxxxx000457. 14 MOUAUxxxx0xx685. 75 3UNN000000000 4UNIUYO00x0000114. 29 5UNICAL00xx0xx457. 14 6UNIPORT 000000000 7UNIBEN00xx000228. 57 8UNILAGx0xx00x457. 14 9UIxxxx0x0571. 43 10OAUxxxx0x0571. 43 11UNAABxxxx0xx685. 75 12Total659805437 13percent54. 5545. 4581. 8273. 73045. 4536. 36 NOTE x=ICT used 0= ICT not used ICT Facilities employ for Serials Operation in Serials Unit Answer to the research question on the ICT used for serials operations was found by the Researchers observation of the use made of IC T facilities in serials units of the various university libraries.The result of the observation is presented in Table 3. The Table shows that only 50 percent of the listed ICT facilities were used in the serials units of UNAAB and UI. UNIBEN, MOUAU and UNILAG used 42. 86 percent and 35. 71 percent of the facilities respectively. UNICAL and UNIUYO used 28. 57 percent and 14. 29 percent respectively while UNIPORT, UNN and OAU each used 7. 14 percent of the ICT facilities in their serials units. None of the facilities was used at the time of this study in FUTO Serials unit. Table 3 Observation Checklist on the Various ICT Facilities Use in Serial Unit.S /NUniversitiesICT FACILITIESTotalpercent PCCPSFaxCD-RCDWCDCDElocal area networkWIntOP 1FUTO0000000000000000 2MOUAUxxx00x00x00000535. 71 3UNN0x00000000000010 4UNIUYOxx000000000000214. 29 5UNICALxXx00000x00000428. 57 6UNIPORT 0x00000000000017. 14 7UNIBENxx000x0x00x00x642. 86 8UNILAGxx0xxx00000000535. 75 9UIxx000x00x0x0xx750. 00 10OAU0x000 00000000017. 14 11UNAABx x00xx000x0xx750. 00 12Total7831151130302338 NOTE PC= Personal Computers C= Copier P= Printer S= Scanner CD-R = CD-ROM CDW= CD Writer D= Diskette E= E- Mail LAN=Local Area meshwork Int= meshwork OP= OPAC.X= ICT utilize 0 = ICT Not Used. Considering the percentage of the universities using each of the ICT facilities, the result shows that majority of the university libraries (72. 73 percent) used photocopier for its serials functions. This was followed by 63. 64 percent and 45. 45 percent which used face-to-face computers and CD-ROM respectively. Printers, diskettes, LAN and OPAC were each used by (27. 27 percent). The Internet (18. 18 percent) and exhaustner, fax machine, CD writer and CD changer (9. 09 percent) had very low use in the serials units studied.None of the libraries was using E-Mail and WAN facilities in the serials unit for serials functions. Considering the 50 percent Bench mark, only personal computers and photocopiers were the ICT facili ties being used by the Serials units of the studied universities libraries? ICT Facilities Used in Serials Unit as a Determinant of Its Use for Serials Operations A cross-tabulation of the result was made to show the percentage serials functions, serials public services and ICT facilities used in various serials units of the individual universities.The result is presented in Table 4. It shows that although OAU had all its serials functions (100 percent) performed with ICT facilities and 71. 43 percent of its serials public services performed with ICT it had very low use of ICT facilities (7. 14 percent) in its Serials unit. FUTO which also had 50 percent and 57. 14 percent of its serials functions and serials public services performed with ICT respectively had no single ICT facilities in its serials unit. There was also low indication of ICT facilities use in the Serials units of UNILAG (35. 71 percent) MOUAU (35. 1 percent) and UNICAL (28, 57 percent) despite their average use for serials functions and serials public services. UNN and UNIPORT though do not perform serials functions or public services with ICT had indication of ICT facilities in its serials unit (7. 14 percent). UNIUYO had low ICT facilities use in the Serials unit as well as low use for functions and serials public services. The result implied that the serial functions and serials public services in the Serials units performed with ICT in some cases were not determined by the ICT facilities available in the Serials units of the respective university libraries.Table 4 Cross Tabulation of percent Serials Functions, Serials Public Services performed with ICT and ICT facilities Used in Serials Units of Southern Nigerian Federal University Libraries S/NUniversitiesPercent Serials Functions With ICTPercent Serials Public Services with ICTPercent ICT Facilities Used in Serials Unit 1FUTO5057. 140 2MOUAU5085. 7135. 71 3UNN000 4UNIUYO2514. 2914. 29 5UNICAL5057. 1428. 57 6UNIPORT 007. 14 7UNIBEN5028. 5 742. 86 8UNILAG5057. 1435. 71 9UI7571. 4350. 00 10OAU10071. 437. 14 11UNAAB7585. 7150. 00 Discussion of FindingsFrom the findings, it is apparent that there is a general low use of ICT facilities for serials functions except in the areas of serials public services and preservation (Table 1). This is related to the findings of Siddique (1997) in his work in Saudi Arabia, where only two of seven libraries studied applied ICT in serials control. The low use of ICT facilities for acquisition and processing may be attributed to the non-availability of serials parcel which will enable the use of ICT for the very complex acquisition and processing activities involved in serials functions.An explanation for this could be found in the works of Anunobi and Benard (2007) where many of the libraries studied do not have library software and those with such were yet to activate their serials module. However, that some libraries like OAU perform all its serials functions with ICT and others like UNN and UNIPORT are not performing any of its functions with ICT shows that there is a great(p) discrepancy among these libraries with respect to the application of ICT facilities for serials functions especially among the geopolitical zones.The disparity could be attributed to the disposition of these libraries to the major hindrances to ICT application in serials functions. This is also related to the findings of Islam and Islam (2007) that there is disparity in the use of computers and its accessories in library services in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the increased use of ICT facilities for serials public services reflected in many of these libraries (Table 2) for serials and articles titles access buttresses the fact that these university libraries are providing serials public services with ICT facilities.It also implies that many of them have their automated serials holdings being domicile in personal computers or that they possess the Union List of Serials on CD-ROM which users can access. This is of the same standing with the findings of Tseng et al (1990) who noted in his study that 55 percent of the libraries studied have their serials holdings automated. There is also the chess opening that some major abstracts like Chemical, Biological, LISA, and AJOL abstracts may be available in these libraries on CD-Rom or Online.Where only the abstract is available, or there is absence seizure of digital library, full text retrieval may not be possible hence the low university representation on retrieval of full text serials. The responses on ICT facilities use in serials operations still confirms that the libraries studied use little or no ICT facilities in serials functions. This confirmation was derived from the below bench mark for all the facilities outside personal computers and photocopiers (Table 3). The close to 50 percent average score for CD-ROM implies that its use for serials function is becoming prominent.Such is expected since some libraries like MOUAU and UNAAB have the Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) therefore are providing access to serials and article titles using CD-ROM facilities. Again, since the use of Internet and OPAC has low response, there is the tendency that the serials public services and preservation functions are provided with CD-ROM in these libraries. The use of scanner and fax machine by only one library suggests that the studied libraries were yet to digitize their serials. In addition to that they could be turning to new technology i. e. he Internet in place of fax. The information presented on the cross-tabulation of percentage serials functions, serials public services and ICT facilities used in serials functions (Table 4) has made series of suggestions. Though some of the University libraries performed serials functions and public services with ICT facilities, they had little or no ICT facilities in their serials units. This is similar to the finding of Anunobi and Nwakwuo (2008 ) w here majority of the university libraries in Eastern Nigeria have not embraced the use of ICT for its operations serials inclusive.This could mean that such functions and services were performed in other units or a designated unit outside the serials units. Observation showed that in most of these libraries that provided serials functions and public services with ICT facilities but with little or no ICT facilities in their serials units have diaphanous ICT, IT, Systems or Computer centres from which all these functions were performed. The implication of these findings is that the use of ICT facilities for serials functions is gradually disintegrating the compartmentalisation of serials units and other units of the university library.Hence it is likely that in not too long a time, serials functions and public services with the application of ICT facilities could be performed from units outside the serials unit in most of the libraries in southern Nigeria. The low positive response o n the application of the Internet shows that the studied libraries were not utilizing the free electronic serials available on the Internet to augment the limited serials subscription made by some of these libraries. These libraries also deny users the luck of using some fee-based serials that are offered freely to developing countries like Nigeria.Such serials include Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA) Health International Network Access to Research Initiative (HINARI) Online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE), EBSCOhost, Commonwealth University Documents Online (CUDOS), CAB Abstract etc. If the scenario is not changed, serials users will bypass the library for alternative information providers, thus confirming the conception of Morino (1998) that if libraries do not rise up to the challenges of the technological changes, they will never again be in control of information. Summary and ConclusionThe following deductions and conclusive evidences are mad e from the findings of this research Serials functions in the Southern Nigeria federal university libraries are still predominately manually performed with ICT application being more prominent in the public services and preservation functions. Public services activities involving the use of ICT facilities are mainly access to and retrieval of serials and articles titles. Though a few of the libraries use Internet, LAN and OPAC, photocopiers, personal computer, and CD-ROM are the most commonly used ICT facilities in the serials unit. The low availability and use of ICT facilities in serials units of the university libraries is not a determinant of its use for serials operations. Hence many serials operations are performed with ICT facilities outside the serials units. It is recommended that university libraries should take a firm decision whether to equip serials unit with ICT facilities and proceed all serials operations in the unit or have a systems unit where ICT related operatio ns are carried out including serials. University libraries should also solicit aid from donor agencies in the area of ICT hardware and software for serials functions ReferencesAgbaje, A. A. (2002). Great expectations Serials management and information technology. In Madu E. C. , & Dirisu, M. B. (Eds. ). Information science and technology for library schools in Africa (pp. 25-36). Ibadan EVI-Coleman. Aina, L. O. (2003). beef up information provision in Nigerian university libraries The digital option. Paper presented at the 41st Annual National company & AGM of the Nigerian Library Association at Tarker Foundation, Markurdi, 7-12 September. Aina, L. O. (2004). Coping with the challenges of library and information delivery services The need for institutionalized professional development.Nigerian Library Association Conference Proceedings, p. 4 Ajayi G. O. (2005). E-government in Nigerias e-strategy. Paper presented at 5th Annual African Computing and Telecommunications Submit, Abuja , Nigeria. Akinyotu, A. (1977). Library automation A state of the art review. Paper presented at the workshop on library automation in Nigeria held at the Conference centre, University of Ibadan 6-10 March. Ani, O. E. , Esin, J. E. , & Edem, N. (2005). Adoption of information and Communication Technology (ICT) in academic libraries A strategy for library networking in Nigeria.The Electronic Library 23 (6) 701-708. Anunobi, C. , & Benard, I. (2007). Availability and use of ICT resources in Imo State academic library services. Coal City Libraries 5&6 34-41. Anunobi, C. V. , & Nwakwuo, O. (2008). The state of ICT in southeastern Nigeria. Samaru journal of Information studies 8 (1) 35-43 Alabi, G. A. (1993). Information technology Whither Nigerian libraries and documentation centres. Leading Libraries & Information Centres 1 (2) 27-35. American Library Association (1983). The ALA glossary of library and information science. Chicago ALA. Ballentyne P. (2003).Information management trend s. INASP Newsletter 23 5-6. Chesenga, J. (2004). ICT in libraries An overview and general introduction to ICT in libraries in Africa. INASP ICT Workshop, Kopanong Hotel & Conference centre, Johannesburg S. Africa 21st -23rd July. ( www. INASP. info/ISP/ICT-workshop2004 ) Islam, S. , & Islam, N. (2007). Use of ICT in libraries An existential study of selected libraries in Bangladesh. Library Philosophy and Practice. Available http//unllib. unl. edu/LPP/shariful. htm Mullis, A. (1992). Serials. In. Michael, P. (Ed. ), Non-standard collection management (pp. 3-115). Aldershot, England Ashgate. Oketunji, I. (2001). Computer application to libraries. Paper presented at the 39th Annual National Conference and AGM of the Nigerian Library Association at the Imo Concord Hotel Owerri, June 17-22. Oketunji, I. (2001). Libraries and the Internet connectivity What benefits? In Lasis J. , Odunsanya,O. K. , Sonaike, S. E. A. , & Osinulu L. F. (Eds. ), Automation of cataloguing practices in Nigeri an libraries (pp. 32-40), Ijebu-Ode Nigerian Library Association, Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing Section. Oni, F. A. (2004).Enhancing the surgery of library operations through appropriate IT. In Madu E. C. (Ed. ), Technology for information management & services Modern libraries & information centers in developing countries (pp. 95-109). Ibadan Evi-Coleman. Siddiqui, M. A. (1997). The use of information technology in academic libraries in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 29 (4) 195-203. Szilvassy, J. (Ed. ) (1996). Basic serials management handbook. IFLA Publications 77. Munchen K. G. Saur. Tseng, S. C. , Arcand, J. C. , Brugger, J. M, Finn, M, Olson, A. J. , & Somers, S. (1990).Serials standards work The next frontier. Library Resources & expert Services 34 (2) 139-157. Womboh, B. S. H. , & Abba, T. (2008). The state of information and communication technology (ICT) in Nigerian university libraries The experience of Ibrahim Babangida Librar y, Federal University of Technology, Yola. Library Philosophy and Practice. Available http//unllib. unl. edu/LPP/womboh. htm ? Explanation and opinion From the article above, we know that there is a general low use of ICT facilities for serials functions except in the areas of serials public services and preservation (table 1) in libraries.Serials functions in the Southern Nigeria federal university libraries are still predominately manually performed with ICT application being more prominent in the public services and preservation functions. This is because in Nigeria, many of the libraries studied do not have library software due to the expensive price of the software. However, it is shown that 55% of the libraries have an automated system regarding the serials storage system. It also implies that many of them have their automated serials holdings being domicile in personal computers or that they possess the List of Serials on CD-ROM which users can access.Furthermore, the use of Internet has low response,so there is the tendency that the users are provided with CD-ROM in these libraries. This means that the use of CD-ROM is more dominant than internet in Nigeria. The low positive response on the application of the Internet in libraries shows that the studied libraries were not utilizing the free electronic serials available on the Internet to replace the limited serials subscription made by some of these libraries. This mayhap because of the not skilled people in Nigeria. In my opinion, the libraries in Nigeria should optimize the use of ICT.This can be done by having seminars slightly how to use the internet (how to browse for information, download, save files, etc). Even though the libraries have been changing so much that it changed from paperwork-based into ICT-based system. Though a few of the libraries use Internet, photocopiers, personal computer, and CD-ROM are the most commonly used ICT facilities in the serials unit. This is because the Nigerian people dont know the technology of internet yet and they are still a developing country. ? Impact to society It is clear that by using ICT in libraries, there will be some impact to the society.For manakin it will change the way of borrowing books, the way of storing data of customers, etc that will be discussed below. Advantages 1. It will be faster to store information of customers. By using ICT, the process of storing customers data will be faster because it only needs us to type which is significanly faster rather than to write 2. The data that is stored will also be more secure by using ICT. When the data is stored using computer, the risk of lost data will be very low compared to when using written forms of customers data. This is explained because the risk of losing paperwork is a lot more compared to the risk in computer. . It will be easier to stipulate / change the data stored. When using computer, we can modify data very easily. This will help the librarians greatly so their job will be much easier too. They dont need to re-write all the customers information again like if they are using paperwork. 4. The process of borrowing books will be much faster and in an efficient way. By using ICT, we can just scan the book barcode when a customer wanted to borrow a particular book. This will be faster since they only need to scan (not to write the description of the book). 5. We can know when a particular customer havent return the books that they borrowed.This will reduce the risk of losing books in the library and also will help customer to be discipline to return the books that they borrowed on time. When using the old type of storing data, the librarians will be lazy to check because there are so much data that they have to search. However, they can filter data using ICT and they will work with more tenacity. 6. The society will have more access to information that is available by using the internet. Customers can use the computers that are provided i n the library and search for information that maybe not available in the librarys books.This will improve the knowledge of society and this will lead to a better society with street smart information. 7. It will be easier for the society to print, send e-mail, do research etc by using the computers provided in the library. Thus enabling them to score high in their accounting and moreover giving them a future career prospect. Disadvantages 1. There will be unemployment for some librarians since the library doesnt need a lot of librarians anymore. The librarians whose old job were to check / write data in paper will be no longer needed since the ICT will only need less librarians to do the same amount of work. . In Nigeria, many people doesnt seem to understand ICT well, so there will be problems when they are using the ICT system. For example, internet service and computers. They wont be that interested in using the computer because they dont know how to use it. So, if they force themself to use computer, there will be probability that they will damage the computers hardwares, or the computers will be abandoned with no users using them. 3. The cost of implementing the ICT system is not cheap. It usually requires a lot of money that the university have to provide.This will have impact on other university facilities. Because of the implementation of ICT, other facilities will have only a low budget and this can be bad for the university students. From the list of advantages and disadvantages before, we all know that the ICT system in library have a evidential impact to the society. For me, even though it has some disadvantages, there are a lot more advantages that ICT system offers. It will also modernize the local people by providing more and more information from abroad, not only from the books. Thus, ICT system is very important to the better qualified of individuals.